Harmonized System · chapter 86
Everything classified under HS chapter 86, how the code breaks down to the national tariff line, and the live shipment records filed against it.
| Importer | HS code | Origin | Quantity | Value | YoY |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nordic Coffee AB | 0901.11 | Brazil | 18,000 kg | $52,400 | +14% |
| Bella Roasters SpA | 0901.11 | Colombia | 24,500 kg | $71,900 | +8% |
| Meridian Foods Ltd | 0901.21 | Vietnam | 9,200 kg | $26,100 | +22% |
| Kaffe Handel GmbH | 0901.11 | Ethiopia | 31,750 kg | $94,300 | +11% |
HS chapter 86 covers railway or tramway locomotives, rolling stock and parts thereof. Goods are classified here when their essential character matches the chapter’s scope. Because duty rates, licensing requirements and trade remedies all follow the classification, getting chapter 86 right is the first step in landing cost.
Getting it right
The tariff rate, any cess and any trade remedy are all attached to the line you declare, not to the product you think you are shipping.
Preferential rates under a trade agreement apply to named tariff lines. The wrong line forfeits the benefit entirely.
A classification that does not match the goods invites queries, inspection and demurrage.
Check how comparable chapter 86 goods actually cleared. That is the classification customs has already accepted.
| Level | Digits | What it fixes |
|---|---|---|
| Chapter | 86 | Railway or tramway locomotives, rolling stock and parts thereof |
| Heading | 86xx | The product family within the chapter |
| Subheading | 86xxxx | Internationally standard six-digit code |
| National line | 86xxxxxx | Country tariff extension — 8 or 10 digits |
Beyond six digits, chapter 86's tariff line is set by each importing country separately — an 8-digit Indian code will not match a 10-digit US code even for an identical product.
Active importers of chapter 86 goods by country, with volumes and declared values.
Learn more ›Verified exporters shipping chapter 86 products, with trade history you can check.
Learn more ›Declared unit values across origins so you can benchmark chapter 86 pricing.
Learn more ›How BCD, surcharge and IGST build up on this classification.
Learn more ›Markets ranked by the value of chapter 86 goods they actually cleared through customs, from the totals each country reports to UN Comtrade.
| # | Market | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|---|
| 01 | Germany | $3.6B | 2024 |
| 02 | United States | $2.6B | 2024 |
| 03 | Mexico | $2.0B | 2024 |
| 04 | Canada | $1.5B | 2024 |
| 05 | France | $1.2B | 2024 |
| 06 | Austria | $1.2B | 2024 |
| 07 | Switzerland | $1.1B | 2024 |
| 08 | Italy | $993.5M | 2024 |
| 09 | Australia | $993.4M | 2024 |
| 10 | United Kingdom | $959.4M | 2024 |
| 11 | Czech Republic | $880.5M | 2024 |
| 12 | Spain | $877.6M | 2024 |
| # | Market | Value | Year |
|---|---|---|---|
| 01 | China | $20.6B | 2024 |
| 02 | Mexico | $6.7B | 2024 |
| 03 | United States | $3.6B | 2024 |
| 04 | Germany | $3.5B | 2024 |
| 05 | Spain | $2.0B | 2024 |
| 06 | Poland | $2.0B | 2024 |
| 07 | Austria | $1.7B | 2024 |
| 08 | Czech Republic | $1.5B | 2024 |
| 09 | Italy | $1.1B | 2024 |
| 10 | France | $980.2M | 2024 |
| 11 | South Korea | $897.3M | 2024 |
| 12 | Switzerland | $895.8M | 2024 |
Source: UN Comtrade, official statistics reported by national authorities. Figures are country-level aggregates, not shipment records.
Classification runs from the general to the specific, and it is a legal determination rather than a description. You start with the chapter — here, railway or tramway locomotives, rolling stock and parts thereof — then find the four-digit heading whose text covers your product, then the six-digit subheading, then the national tariff line. At every level the question is the same: which text most specifically describes the goods as presented, not what the goods are used for afterwards.
Two things trip people up more than any others. The first is the section and chapter notes, which sit at the head of the nomenclature and are binding: they routinely exclude goods you would expect to find in a chapter, and reading the heading text without them is the most common source of a confidently wrong code. The second is stopping at six digits — internationally the code is harmonised only that far, and duty is assessed at the national line.
| Step | What you are deciding | Where it goes wrong |
|---|---|---|
| Chapter | Whether the goods belong in 86 at all | Ignoring the exclusion notes |
| Heading | Which four-digit family covers them | Choosing by end use rather than by nature |
| Subheading | The six-digit international code | Assuming this is the final answer |
| National line | The eight- or ten-digit tariff line | Copying a foreign supplier's code |
| Verification | What customs has actually accepted | Never checking cleared consignments |
Once the code is settled, the record becomes readable. Every consignment cleared under chapter 86 carries a date, a declared quantity in a statutory unit, a declared value, an origin, a destination and a port pair. Aggregated, those fields answer the questions that actually decide a sourcing or selling decision: where the demand is, who is already meeting it, what it clears at, and how any of that has changed over the last three years.
Read the value and the quantity separately. A rise in declared value can be a rise in volume, a rise in unit price, or a change in the mix inside the chapter — and they lead to opposite conclusions. Value alone is the single most over-interpreted number in trade statistics.
Every duty component attaches to a tariff line, not to a product. Basic customs duty, surcharges, integrated tax, any cess, and any anti-dumping or safeguard measure are all keyed to the line you declare. Change the line and the entire stack changes, which is why a classification dispute is really a duty dispute, and why the cheapest hour in any import project is the one spent confirming the code before the goods ship rather than after they arrive.
Preferential rates under a trade agreement are line-specific too, and they are not automatic. The goods have to satisfy the agreement’s rule of origin for that particular line — a change in tariff classification, a value-addition threshold, or a named process — and the certificate has to be valid and correctly presented. Claiming preference without meeting the rule is a straightforward way to acquire a demand notice years later.
The Harmonized System is revised periodically and codes move between editions. If you keep historical trade data, store which edition a code belongs to. Otherwise a time series will break silently at the revision boundary and look like a market event.
None of this needs to be elaborate. In practice the sequence that works is short: confirm the classification against consignments that actually cleared; pull three years of the chapter for the markets you care about; separate volume from price; identify the counterparties whose behaviour is consistent rather than occasional; and check the declared unit value band before you quote or commit. Most of the value in trade data comes from doing those five things properly rather than from doing anything clever.
Chapter 86 of the Harmonized System covers railway or tramway locomotives, rolling stock and parts thereof. It sits within the WCO nomenclature used by every member customs administration worldwide.
Chapter 86 gives the first two digits. Narrow to a four-digit heading, then a six-digit subheading, then the national tariff line — eight digits in India's ITC(HS), ten in the US HTS. Cross-check against real shipment descriptions to see which code customs actually accepted for a comparable product.
The first six digits are internationally standard. Anything beyond six digits is a national extension and will differ between countries.
Duty depends on the specific tariff line, the country of import and the country of origin, plus any trade agreement in force. See our customs duty guide for how the components stack up.
Usually not. The Harmonized System classifies mostly by what a thing is, not by what it does. End use matters only where the nomenclature explicitly makes it matter, and assuming otherwise is a common route to a wrong code.
The notes at the head of each section and chapter are binding, and they routinely exclude goods you would expect the heading text to cover. Reading the heading without the notes is the single most common source of a confidently wrong classification.
The Harmonized System is revised periodically and codes move between editions. If you store historical data, store the edition alongside the code, otherwise a time series will break silently at the revision boundary.
Search real shipment descriptions and read the codes those consignments cleared under. That is evidence of a classification an administration has already accepted for comparable goods, which is worth considerably more than an opinion about the tariff text.
Only if your question is genuinely product-level. Most commercial questions are industry-level, and an industry usually spans several chapters — read them together or you will measure a slice of your own market and inherit that error downstream.
Tell us the tariff line you trade and we will return a free sample of live customs records filed against it.